摘要
间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)基因融合突变是非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的一种独特分子亚型,占所有NSCLC病例的3%~7%。尽管ALK酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)如克唑替尼、阿来替尼及洛拉替尼等显著改善了患者的预后,但耐药问题始终是临床治疗中的主要挑战。ALK-TKIs原发性耐药涉及罕见ALK融合变异体、ALK点突变、合并其他驱动基因突变及肿瘤微环境异常等因素;继发性耐药则分为ALK依赖性耐药和ALK非依赖性耐药,前者主要通过激酶域突变、基因扩增等机制产生,后者则涉及旁路信号激活、组织学表型转化(如向小细胞肺癌转化)等途径。为应对耐药挑战,新一代ALK-TKIs(如四代TPX-0131、NVL-655等)及联合治疗策略(如免疫治疗、抗血管生成治疗、化疗等)为患者提供了更多临床治疗选择。未来,进一步优化药物选择策略、整合耐药突变检测技术及制定个体化联合治疗方案,将是推动ALK阳性NSCLC精准治疗进展的关键方向。
间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)基因融合是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的一个独特亚型,其突变频率占所有NSCLC的3%~7
ALK-TKIs | 主要研究 | mPFS/月 | ORR/% | iORR/% | 不良反应 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一代 | 克唑替尼 |
PROFILE-101 | 10.9 | 74 |
1 | 视力障碍、腹泻、恶心等 |
第二代 | 塞瑞替尼 |
ASCEND- | 16.6 | 73 | 73 | 胃肠道相关症状(腹泻、恶心、呕吐)、转氨酶升高等 |
阿来替尼 |
ALE | 25.7 | 83 | 81 | 贫血、肌痛、便秘、疲劳、日光敏感、外周水肿等 | |
布格替尼 |
ALTA-1 | 24.0 | 74 | 78 | 胃肠道相关症状(腹泻、恶心、呕吐)、血肌酸磷酸激酶升高、高血压等 | |
恩沙替尼 |
eXalt | 31.3 | 74 | 64 | 皮疹、恶心、呕吐、转氨酶升高等 | |
伊鲁阿克 |
INSPIR | 27.7 | 93.0 | 90.9 |
高血压、转氨酶升高、血肌酸磷酸激酶升高 | |
第三代 | 洛拉替尼 |
CROW | 未达到 | 76 | 83 | 高脂血症、中枢神经反应(认知与情绪影响、言语与精神影响)、神经病变、体重增加等 |
注: mPFS为中位无进展生存期;ORR为客观缓解率;iORR为颅内客观缓解率。mPFS、ORR均由盲态独立评审委员会评估。
Note: mPFS means median progression-free survival; ORR means objective response rate; iORR means intracranial objective response rate. mPFS and ORR are both assessed by the blinded independent review committee (BIRC).
原发性耐药是指患者接受ALK-TKIs治疗后未能对靶向治疗产生反应,并在治疗开始后3个月内出现疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)。目前研究已揭示的原发性耐药机制主要包括罕见ALK融合变异体、ALK点突变、合并其他驱动基因突变及肿瘤微环境改变等。2017年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)年会上,Kang
Mengoli
继发性耐药是指携带ALK融合基因的肿瘤细胞起初对ALK-TKIs有反应,而后对药物产生抵抗,从而导致疾病复发或进展。继发性耐药机制可分为ALK依赖性耐药和ALK非依赖性耐药(

图1 ALK-TKIs继发性耐药机制
Fig.1 Mechanisms of acquired resistance to ALK-TKIs
ALK激酶域突变和ALK扩增/拷贝数增加是导致ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者对ALK-TKIs产生耐药的重要机制。其中,ALK激酶域突变占ALK依赖性耐药的22%~33
ALK非依赖性耐药机制主要包括旁路激活、组织学表型转变及P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)过表达等。旁路激活是指替代性致癌驱动基因的出现,这些基因能够促进细胞生存和增殖,且其作用独立于EML4-ALK融合蛋白。替代性致癌驱动基因的激活可能伴随ALK融合蛋白的丢失,常见的替代性驱动基因包括KIT、EGFR、KRAS、IGF-1R及MET
组织学表型转变包括上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)和向小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)或肺鳞状细胞癌转化。EMT增强了肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,细胞实验及肿瘤活检样本均证实EMT可能是ALK-TKIs的耐药机制之
P-gp是一种三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)依赖性转运蛋白,能够利用ATP水解产生的能量将多种抗肿瘤药物逆浓度梯度转运出细胞。血脑屏障中的P-gp过表达可阻止药物进入颅内,导致药物无法达到有效暴露量,从而降低疗效并产生耐药性。研究表明,约65%的克唑替尼耐药为药理学耐
克唑替尼是一种小分子多靶点TKI,能够抑制ALK、c-MET和ROS-1融合蛋白,是第一个获批用于临床的ALK-TK
阿来替尼是一种具有高血脑屏障通透性和高度选择性的ALK-TKI,广泛用于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者的一线治疗。其不良反应发生率低,有利于患者长期安全用
布格替尼具有独特的二甲基氧化磷(dimethyl phosphorus oxide, DMPO)结构,增强了其与ALK蛋白的结合力和药物活性。Ⅱ期ALTA-2研究显示,阿来替尼耐药后序贯布格替尼的ORR为29.1%(95% CI: 19.8~39.9),中位PFS为3.8个月(95% CI: 1.9~5.4);而塞瑞替尼耐药后序贯布格替尼的ORR仅11.8%(95% CI: 1.5~36.4
恩沙替尼是在克唑替尼基础上改造的二代ALK-TKI,具有更好的血脑屏障穿透能力,是首个获批上市的国产二代ALK-TKI。全球eXalt3研究更新数据显示,恩沙替尼一线治疗ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者的中位PFS为41.5个月(95% CI: 29.4~未达到
塞瑞替尼是一种高效、高选择性的二代ALK抑制剂,是最早获批的二代ALK-TKI。Ⅱ期ASCEND-9研究首次探讨了阿来替尼耐药后序贯塞瑞替尼的疗效和安全性,结果显示塞瑞替尼对既往接受过二线或多线阿来替尼治疗失败的患者具有可观疗效,ORR为25%(95% CI: 8.7~49.1),疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR)为70%(95% CI: 45.7~88.1),且安全性可
伊鲁阿克是国内研发的新型ALK、ROS1抑制剂,基于一项Ⅱ期临床研究,于2023年获国家药品监督管理局(national medical products administration, NMPA)批准上市。该研究入组了146例克唑替尼耐药的ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者,中位随访18.2个月(95% CI: 16.8~18.8)后,独立评审委员会(independent review committee, IRC)评估的ORR为69.9%(95% CI: 61.7~77.2),DCR为96.6%(95% CI: 92.2~98.9),中位PFS为19.8个月(95% CI: 14.5~未达到);初步数据显示,1年OS率为85.2%(95% CI: 78.2~90.1),2年OS率为57.9%(95% CI: 44.2~69.4);在基线脑转移患者中,使用伊鲁阿克治疗的患者颅内缓解率为63%(95% CI: 53~73
洛拉替尼(lorlatinib)作为首个上市的三代ALK-TKI,其设计旨在有效穿透血脑屏障并克服ALK耐药突变(如G1202R)。在CROWN研究及其他临床试验中,洛拉替尼均展现了显著的中位PFS获益,并在颅内疗效方面表现优异,将其用于一线治疗可能有助于抑制或延缓靶向耐药的发生。然而,由于CROWN试验中洛拉替尼的中位PFS数据尚未成熟、耐药突变谱较为复杂,以及其中枢神经系统相关副作用等问题,是否优先将其用于一线治疗目前尚未达成共
吉瑞替尼是一种小分子TKI,主要对FMS样酪氨酸激酶3(FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, FLT3)进行高效抑制,用于治疗携带FLT3突变的复发或难治性急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia, AML)患者。临床前研究表明,该药物对多种ALK-TKIs耐药突变亦表现出抑制作用,包括三代ALK-TKI洛拉替尼治疗后常见的复合耐药突变I1171N/F1174I。此外,其对ROS1重排及NTRK1等突变驱动的肿瘤也显示出潜在抑制活性。需指出的是,上述数据目前主要来源于临床前研究,其临床转化价值仍需进一步验证。值得注意的是,吉瑞替尼在白血病领域的应用前景也为晚期NSCLC患者的治疗提供了新的探索方
药品名称 | 别名 | 靶点 | 原研机构 | 药物研发阶段* |
---|---|---|---|---|
依奉阿克 | TQ B3139、CT-1139 | ALK、ROS1、c-Met | 首药控股(北京)股份有限公司 | 临床Ⅲ期 |
奥卡替尼 | ZG-0418、ZG0418 | ALK、ROS1 | 苏州泽璟生物制药股份有限公司 | 临床Ⅱ期 |
恩曲替尼 | 瑞波替尼、瑞普替尼、TPX-0005 | ALK、ROS1、TRKA、TrkC | Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l | 临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期 |
丁二酸复瑞替尼 | SAF-189S、SAF-189 | ALK、ROS1 | 重庆复创医药研究有限公司 | 临床Ⅲ期 |
康泰替尼 | CT-707、SY-707 | ALK、FAK1、IGF-1R、PYK | 北京赛林泰医药技术有限公司 | 临床Ⅲ期 |
Unecritinib | TQ B3101、TQ-B3101 | ALK、ROS1、c-Met | 正大天晴药业集团股份有限公司 | 临床Ⅱ期 |
FiconALKib | CT-3505、SY-3505 | ALK | 首药控股(北京)股份有限公司 | 临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期 |
TPX-0131 | — | ALK | Turning Point Therapeutics, Inc | 临床Ⅱ期 |
NVL-655 | NUV-655 | ALK | Nuvalent, Inc | 临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期 |
TGRX-326 | TGR-326 | ALK、ROS1 | 深圳市塔吉瑞生物医药有限公司 | 临床Ⅱ期 |
APG-2449 | — | ALK、FAK、ROS1 | 江苏亚盛医药开发有限公司 | 临床Ⅰ期 |
XZP-3621 | — | ALK、ROS1 | 山东轩竹医药科技有限公司 | 临床Ⅲ期 |
TY-2136 | TY-2136B | ALK、NTRK、ROS1 | 浙江同源康医药股份有限公司 | 临床Ⅰ期 |
PLB1003 | — | ALK | 北京浦润奥生物科技有限责任公司 | 临床Ⅰ期 |
注: *适应证为晚期或转移性ALK阳性NSCLC。
Note: * Indication is advanced or metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC.
在CheckMate 370研究中,ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者接受了克唑替尼联合纳武利尤单抗一线治疗方案。然而,由于患者出现严重的肝脏毒性(38%的患者因严重肝损害而停药,其中2例死亡),研究被提前终
NLCTG1501研究是一项Ⅱ期临床研究,旨在评估阿来替尼联合贝伐珠单抗治疗阿来替尼耐药后ALK阳性非鳞NSCLC患者的疗效与安全性。该研究共纳入12例晚期ALK阳性非鳞NSCLC患者,ORR为8%,DCR为67%。4例患者生存期超过2年,其中3例患者治疗超过20个周期;10例(83.3%)患者出现药物相关不良反应,最常见的为食欲下降及蛋白尿。研究结果表明,阿来替尼联合贝伐珠单抗对部分阿来替尼耐药患者[尤其是循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA)未检出EML4-ALK融合者]具有可控的安全性和潜在临床获
一项回顾性队列研究纳入58例既往接受过至少一种二代ALK-TKI治疗的ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者,根据治疗方案分为联合治疗组(n=15)与单纯化疗组(n=43)。联合治疗组接受铂类+培美曲塞化疗联合ALK-TKIs治疗,具体用药包括:9例(60.0%)患者继续使用二代ALK-TKIs(阿来替尼7例、布格替尼2例),5例(33.3%)患者重新启用既往治疗史中的ALK-TKIs(阿来替尼2例、克唑替尼3例),另有1例(6.7%)患者在布格替尼、塞瑞替尼耐药后首次使用克唑替尼。生存分析显示,联合治疗组mPFS显著优于单纯化疗组(6.8个月vs. 3.2个月,HR=0.33,P=0.025
Johung
随着靶向药物的快速发展,ALK-TKIs已进入第四代研发阶段,为ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者提供了更为精准的治疗选择,但也表明ALK阳性NSCLC的疾病进程尚未完全实现“慢病化”管理,仍需进一步探索其耐药机制并开发新的治疗方案,以满足未解决的临床需求。目前,理想的ALK-TKIs仍有待深入研究。在制定治疗策略时,需综合考虑药物的有效性、安全性、可及性及治疗过程中可能出现的耐药突变。耐药基因突变的检测对于制定合理的序贯治疗策略具有重要意义。此外,联合治疗模式能否在克服耐药的同时延缓耐药的发生,仍需更多循证医学证据支持。追求更高的疗效获益始终是临床治疗的核心目标,探索联合治疗新策略具有重要的临床意义。通过研究者持续的研究与努力,有望为患者提供更加个体化的治疗方案,并进一步改善其临床疗效。
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